1.1 Equation of angular motion, Relation between linear and angular kinematics, 1.2 Kinetic energy of rotation of a rigid body, 1.3 Moment of inertia; Radius of gyration, 1.4 Moment of inertia of a uniform rod, 1.5 Torque and angular acceleration for a rigid body, 1.6 Work and power in rotational motion, 1.7 Angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum.

2.1 Equation of simple harmonic motion (SHM), 2.2 Energy in SHM, 2.3 Application of SHM: vertical oscillation of mass suspended from coiled spring, 2.5 Angular SHM, simple pendulum, 2.5 Oscillatory motion: Damped oscillation, Forced oscillation, and resonance.

3.1 Fluid statics: Pressure in a fluid; Buoyancy, 3.2 Surface tension: Theory of surface tension; Surface energy, 3.3 Angle of contact, capillarity, and its applications, 3.4 Fluid Dynamics: Newton’s formula for viscosity in a liquid; Coefficient of viscosity, 3.5 Poiseuille’s formula and its application, 3.6 Stokes law and its applications, 3.7 Equation of continuity and its applications, 3.8 Bernoulli’s equation and its applications.

4.1 Thermodynamic systems, 4.2 Work done during volume change, 4.3 Heat and work; Internal energy and First law of thermodynamics, 4.4 Thermodynamic processes: Adiabatic, isochoric, isothermal and isobaric, 4.5 Heat capacities of an ideal gas at constant pressure and volume and relation between them, 4.6 Isothermal and Adiabatic processes for an ideal gas.

5.1 Thermodynamic systems and direction of thermodynamic processes, 5.2 Second law of thermodynamics, 5.3 Heat engines, 5.4 Internal combustion engines: Otto cycle, Diesel cycle; Carnot cycle, 5.6 Refrigerator, 5.6 Entropy and disorder (introduction only)

6.1 Progressive waves, 6.2 Mathematical descriptions of a wave, 6.3 Stationary waves.

7.1 Speed of wave motion; Velocity of sound in solid and liquid, 7.2 Velocity of sound in gas, 7.3 Laplace’s correction, 7.4 Effect of temperature, pressure, humidity on velocity of sound.

8.1 Stationary waves in closed and open pipes, 8.2 Harmonics and overtones in closed and open organ pipes, 8.3 End correction in pipes, 8.4 Velocity of transverse waves along a stretched string, 8.5 Vibration of string and overtones, 8.6 Laws of vibration of fixed string.

9.1 Sound waves: Pressure amplitude, 9.2 Characteristics of sound: Intensity; loudness, quality, and pitch. 9.3 Doppler’s effect.

10.1 Huygens’ principle, 10.2 Reflection and Refraction according to wave theory

11.1 Phenomenon of Interferences: Coherent sources, 11.2 Young’s double slit experiment.

12.1 Diffraction from a single slit, 12.2 Diffraction pattern of image; Diffraction grating, 12.3. Resolving power of optical instruments.

13.1 Phenomenon of polarization, 13.2 Brewster’s law; transverse nature of light, 13.3 Polaroid.

14.1 Kirchhoff’s law, 14.2 Wheatstone bridge circuit; Meter bridge, 14.3 Potentiometer: Comparison of e.m.f., measurement of internal resistances of a cell, 14.4 Superconductors; Perfect conductors, 14.5 Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter and ammeter; Ohmmeter, 14.6 Joule’s law

15.1 Seebeck effect; Thermocouples, 15.2 Peltier effect: Variation of thermoelectric e.m.f. with temperature; Thermopile

16.1 Magnetic field lines and magnetic flux; Oersted’s experiment, 16.2 Force on moving charge; Force on a conductor, 16.3 Force and Torque on rectangular coil, Moving coil galvanometer, 16.4 Hall effect, 16.5 Magnetic field of a moving charge, 16.6 Biot and Savart law and its application to (i) a circular coil (ii) a long straight conductor (iii) a long solenoid, 16.7 Ampere’s law and its applications to (i) a long straight conductor (ii) a straight solenoid (ii) a toroidal solenoid, 16.8 Force between two parallel conductors carrying current- definition of the ampere

17.1 Magnetic field lines and magnetic flux, 17.2 Flux density in magnetic material; Relative permeability; Susceptibility, 17.3 Hysteresis, 17.4 Día-, para-, and ferromagnetic.

18.1 Faraday’s laws; Induced electric fields, 18.2 Lenz’s law, Motional electromotive force, 18.3 A.C. generators; Eddy currents, 18.4 Self-inductance and mutual inductance, 18.5 Energy stored in an inductor, 18.6 Transformer.

19.1 Peak and rms value of AC current and voltage, 19.2 AC through a resistor, a capacitor and an inductor, 19.3 Phasor diagram, 19.4 Series circuits containing combination of resistance, capacitance and inductance, 19.5 Series resonance, quality factor, 19.6 Power in AC circuits: power factor

20.1 Millikan’s oil drop experiment, 20.2 Motion of electron beam in electric and magnetic fields, 20.3 Thomson’s experiment to determine specific charge of electrons

21.1 Quantum nature of radiation, 21.2 Einstein’s photoelectric equation; Stopping potential, 21.3 Measurement of Plank’s constant

22.1 P-N Junction, 22.2 Semiconductor diode: Characteristics in forward and reverse bias, 22.3 Full wave rectification, 22.4 Logic gates; NOT, OR, AND, NAND and NOR.

23.1 Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom, 23.2 Spectral series; Excitation and ionization potentials, 23.3 Energy level; Emission and absorption spectra, 23.4 De Broglie Theory; Duality, 23.5 Uncertainly principle, 23.6 X-rays: Nature and production; uses, 23.7 X-rays diffraction, Bragg’s law.

24.1 Alpha-particles; Beta-particles, Gamma rays, 24.2 Laws of radioactive disintegration, 24.3 Half-life, mean-life and decay constant, 24.4 Geiger-Muller Tube, 24.5 Carbon dating, 24.6 Medical use of nuclear radiation and possible health hazard.

25.1 Surface waves: Rayleigh and Love waves Internal waves: S and P-waves Wave patterns of Gorkha Earthquake 2015, 25.2 Gravitational Wave Nanotechnology Higgs Boson

1.1 Introduction to gravimetric analysis, volumetric analysis and equivalent weight 1.2 Relationship between equivalent weight, atomic weight and valency 1.3 Equivalent weight of compounds (acid, base, salt, oxidizing and reducing agents) 1.4 Concentration of solution and its units in terms of : Percentage, g/L ,molarity, molality, normality and formality, ppm and ppb 1.5 Primary and secondary standard substances 1.6 Law of equivalence and normality equation 1.7 Titration and its types: Acid-base titration, redox titration ( related numerical problems)

2.1. Limitation of Arrhenius concepts of acids and bases 2.2 Bronsted –Lowry definition of acids and bases 2.3 Relative strength of acids and bases 2.4 Conjugate acid –base pairs 2.5 Lewis definition of acids and bases 2.6 Ionization of weak electrolyte (Ostwald's dilution law) 2.7 Ionic product of water(Kw) 2.8 Dissociation constant of acid and base, (Ka & Kb) 2.9 Concept of pKa and pKb 2.10 pH value: pH of strong and weak acids, pH of strong and weak bases 2.11 Solubility and solubility product principle 2.12 Common Ion effect 2.13 Application of solubility product principle and common ion effect in precipitation reactions 2.14 Buffer solution and its application 2.15 Indicators and selection of indicators in acid, base titration 2.16 Types of salts: Acidic salts, basic salts, simple salts, complex salts (introduction and examples) 2.17 Hydrolysis of salts 2.17.1 Salts of strong acid and strong base 2.17.2 Salts of weak acid and strong base 2.17.3 Salts of weak base and strong acid (solving related numerical problems)

3.1 Introduction 3.2 Rate of reactions: Average and instantaneous rate of reactions 3.3 Rate law and its expressions 3.4 Rate constant and its unit and significance 3.5 Order and molecularity 3.6 Integrated rate equation for zero and first order reaction 3.7 Half-life of zero and first order reactions 3.8 Collision theory, concept of activation energy and activated complex 3.9 Factors affecting rate of reactions: Effect of concentration, temperature (Arrhenius Equation) and effect of catalyst (energy profile diagram) 3.10 Catalysis and types of catalysis: homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzyme catalysis (solving related numerical problems based on rate, rate constant and order of zero and first order reactions)

4.1 Introduction 4.2 Energy in chemical reactions 4.3 Internal energy 4.4 First law of thermodynamics 4.5 Enthalpy and enthalpy changes: Endothermic and exothermic processes) 4.6 Enthalpy of reaction, enthalpy of solution, enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of combustion 4.7 Laws of thermochemistry (Laplace Law and Hess’s law) 4.8 Entropy and spontaneity 4.9 Second law of thermodynamics 4.10 Gibbs' free energy and prediction of spontaneity 4.11 Relationship between ∆G and equilibrium constant (Solving related numerical problems)

5.1 Electrode potential and standard electrode potential 5.2 Types of electrodes: Standard hydrogen electrode and calomel electrodes 5.3 Electrochemical series and its applications 5.4 Voltaic cell: Zn-Cu cell, Ag- Cu cell 5.5 Cell potential and standard cell potential 5.6 Relationship between cell potential and free energy 5.7 Commercial batteries and fuel cells (hydrogen/oxygen)

6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Characteristics of transition metals 6.1.2 Oxidation states of transition metals 6.1.3 Complex ions and metal complexes 6.1.4 Shapes of complex ions 6.1.5 d-orbitals in complex ions (simple explanation by crystal field theory) for octahedral complex 6.1.6 Reasons for the colour of transition metal compounds 6.1.7 Catalytic properties of transition metals

7.1 Copper 7.1.1 Occurrence and extraction of copper from copper pyrite 7.1.2 Properties (with air, acids, aqueous ammonia and metal ions) and uses of copper 7.1.3 Chemistry (preparation, properties and uses) of blue vitriol 7.1.4 Other compounds of copper (red oxide and black oxide of copper) formula and uses only 7.2 Zinc 7.2.1 Occurrence and extraction of zinc from zinc blende 7.2.2 Properties (with air, acid, alkali, displacement reaction) and uses of zinc 7.2.3 Chemistry (preparation, properties and uses) of white vitriol 7.3 Mercury 7.3.1 Occurrence and extraction of mercury from cinnabar 7.3.2 Properties of mercury 7.3.3 Chemistry (preparation, properties and uses) of calomel and corrosive sublimate 7.4 Iron 7.4.1 Occurrence and extraction of iron 7.4.2 Properties and uses of iron 7.4.3 Manufacture of steel by Basic Oxygen Method and Open Hearth Process 7.4.4 Corrosion of iron and its prevention 7.5 Silver 7.5.1 Occurrence and extraction of silver by cyanide process 7.5.2 Preparation and uses of silver chloride and silver nitrate

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Nomenclature, isomerism and classification of monohaloalkanes 8.3 Preparation of monohaloalkanes from alkanes, alkenes and alcohols 8.4 Physical properties of monohaloalkanes 8.5 Chemical properties, substitution reactions SN1 and SN2 reactions (basic concept only) 8.6 Formation of alcohol, nitrile, amine, ether, thioether, carbylamines, nitrite and nitro alkane using haloalkanes 8.7 Elimination reaction (dehydrohalogenation- Saytzeff's rule), Reduction reactions, Wurtz reaction 8.8 Preparation of trichloromethane from ethanol and propanone 8.9 Chemical properties of trichloromethane: oxidation, reduction, action on silver powder, conc. nitric acid, propanone, and aqueous alkali

9.1 Introduction 9.2 Nomenclature and isomerism of haloarenes 9.3 Preparation of chlorobenzene from benzene and benzene diazonium chloride 9.4 Physical properties 9.5 Chemical properties 9.5.1 Low reactivity of haloarenes as compared to haloalkanes in term of nucleophilic substitution reaction 9.5.2 Reduction of chlorobenzene 9.5.3 Electrophilic substitution reactions 9.5.4 Action with Na (Fittig and Wurtz- Fittig reaction) 9.5.5 Action with chloral 9.6 Uses of haloarenes

10.1 Introduction 10.2 Nomenclature, isomerism and classification of monohydric alcohol 10.3 Distinction of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols by Victor Meyer's Method 10.4 Preparation of monohydric alcohols from Haloalkane, primary amines, and esters 10.5 Industrial preparation alcohol from: oxo process, hydroboration-oxidation of ethene & fermentation of sugar 10.6 Definition of common terms: Absolute alcohol, power alcohol, denatured alcohol (methylated spirit), rectified spirit; alcoholic beverage 10.7 Physical properties monohydric alcohols 10.8 Chemical properties of monohydric alcohols 10.8.1 Reaction with HX, PX3, PCl5, SOCl2 10.8.2 Action with reactive metals like Na, K, Li 10.8.3 Dehydration of alcohols 10.8.4 Oxidation of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol with mild oxidizing agents like acidified KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7 10.8.5 Catalytic dehydrogenation of 1⁰ and 2⁰ alcohol and dehydration of 3⁰ alcohol 10.8.6 Esterification reaction 10.8.7 Test of ethanol

11.1 Introduction and nomenclature 11.2 Preparation of phenol from i. chlorobenzene ii. Diazonium salt and iii. benzene sulphonic acid 11.3 Physical properties of phenol 11.4 Chemical properties 11.4.1 Acidic nature of phenol (comparison with alcohol and water) 11.4.2 Action with NH3, Zn, Na, benzene diazonium chloride and phthalic anhydride 11.4.3 Acylation reaction, Kolbe's reaction, Reimer-Tiemann's reaction 11.4.4 Electrophilic substitution: nitration, sulphonation, brominaiton and Friedal-Craft's alkylation 11.5 Test of phenol: (FeCl3 test, aq. Bromine test & Libermann test) 11.6 Uses of phenol

12.1 Introduction 12.2 Nomenclature, classification and isomerism of ethers 12.3 Preparation of aliphatic and aromatic ethers from Williamson's synthesis 12.4 Physical properties of ether 12.5 Chemical properties of ethoxyethane: action with HI , Conc. HCl, Conc. H2SO4, air and Cl2 12.6 Uses of ethers

13.1 Aliphatic aldehydes and ketones 13.1.1 Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism 13.1.2 Preparation of aldehydes and ketones from: Dehydrogenation and oxidation of alcohol, Ozonolysis of alkenes, Acid chloride, Gem dihaloalkane, Catalytic hydration of alkynes 13.1.3 Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones 13.1.4 Chemical properties 13.1.4.1 Structure and nature of carbonyl group 13.1.4.2 Distinction between aldehyde and ketones by using 2,4- DNP reagent, Tollen's reagent, Fehling's solution 13.1.4.3 Addition reaction: addition of H2, HCN and NaHSO3 13.1.4.4 Action of aldehyde and ketone with ammonia derivatives; NH2OH, NH2-NH2, phenyl hydrazine, semicarbazide, 13.1.4.5 Aldol condensation 13.1.4.6 Cannizzaro's reaction 13.1.4.7 Clemmensen's reduction 13.1.4.8 Wolf-Kishner reduction 13.1.4.9 Action with PCl5 and action with LiAlH4 13.1.4.10 Action of methanal with ammonia and phenol 13.1.5 Formalin and its uses 13.2 Aromatic aldehydes and Ketones 13.2.1 Preparation of benzaldehyde from toluene and acetophenone from benzene 13.2.2 Properties of benzaldehyde 13.2.2.1 Perkin condensation 13.2.2.2 Benzoin condensation 13.2.2.3 Cannizzaro's reaction 13.2.2.4 Electrophilic substitution reaction

14.1 Aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids 14.1.1 Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism 14.1.2 Preparation of monocarboxylic acids from: aldehydes, nitriles, dicarboxylic acid, sodium alkoxide and trihaloalkanes 14.1.3 Preparation of benzoic acid from alkyl benzene 14.1.4 Physical properties of monocarboxylic acids 14.1.5 Chemical properties: Action with alkalies, metal oxides, metal carbonates, metal bicarbonates, PCl 3, LiAlH 4 and dehydration of carboxylic acid 14.1.6 Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction 14.1.7 Electrophilic substitution reaction of benzoic acid - bromination, nitration and sulphonation) 14.1.8 Effect of constituents on the acidic strength of carboxylic acid 14.1.9 Abnormal behaviour of methanoic acid 14.2 Derivatives of Carboxylic acids (acid halides, amides, esters and anhydrides) 14.2.1 Preparation of acid derivatives from carboxylic acid 14.2.2 Comparative physical properties of acid derivatives 14.2.3 Comparative chemical properties of acid derivatives (hydrolysis, ammonolysis, amines (RNH 2), alcoholysis, and reduction only) 14.2.4 Claisen condensation 14.2.5 Hofmann bromamide reaction 14.2.6 Amphoteric nature of amide 14.2.7 Relative reactivity of acid derivatives

15.1 Nitroalkanes 15.1.1 Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism 15.1.2 Preparation from haloalkane and alkane 15.1.3 Physical properties 15.1.4 Chemical properties: Reduction 15.2 Nitrobenzene 15.2.1 Preparation from benzene 15.2.2 Physical properties 15.2.3 Chemical properties 15.2.4 Reduction in different media 15.2.5 Electrophilic substitution reactions (nitration, sulphonation & bromination) 15.2.6 Uses of nitro-compounds

16.1 Aliphatic amines 16.1.1 Introduction, nomenclature, classification and isomerism 16.1.2 Separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines by Hoffmann's method 16.1.3 Preparation of primary amines from haloalkane, nitriles, nitroalkanes and amides 16.1.4 Physical properties 16.1.5 Chemical properties: basicity of amines, comparative study of basic nature of 10, 20 and 30 amines 16.1.6 Reaction of primary amines with chloroform, conc. HCl, R-X, RCOX and nitrous acid (NaNO2 / HCl) 16.1.7 Test of 10, 20 and 30 amines (nitrous acid test) 16.2 Aromatic amine (Aniline) 16.2.1 Preparation of aniline from nitrobenzene, phenol 16.2.2 Physical properties 16.2.3 Chemical properties: basicity of aniline, comparison of basic nature of aniline with aliphatic amines and ammonia, alkylation, acylation, diazotization, carbylamine and coupling reaction, electrophilic substitution: Nitration sulphonation and bromination 16.2.4 Uses of aniline

17.1 Introduction, general formula and examples of organolithium, organocopper and organocadmium compounds 17.2 Nature of Metal-Carbon bond 17.3 Grignard reagent 17.3.1 Preparation (using haloalkane and haloarene) 17.3.2 Reaction of Grignard reagent with water, aldehydes and ketones (preparation of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols), carbon dioxide, HCN, RCN, ester and acid chloride

18.1 Polymers 18.1.1 Addition and condensation polymers 18.1.2 Elastomers and fibres 18.1.3 Natural and synthetic polymers 18.1.4 Some synthetic polymers (polythene, PVC, Teflon, polystyrene, nylon and bakelite 18.2 Dyes 18.2.1 Introduction 18.2.2 Types of dyes on the basis of structure and method of application 18.3 Drugs 18.3.1 Characteristics of drugs 18.3.2 Natural and synthetic drugs 18.3.3 Classification of some common drugs 18.3.4 Habit forming drugs and drug addiction 18.4 Pesticides 18.4.1 Introduction to insecticides, herbicides and fungicides

19.1 Introduction 19.2 Raw materials for cement production 19.3 Main steps in cement production (crushing and grinding, strong heating and final grinding) 19.4 Types of cement- OPC and PPC 19.5 Portland cement process with flow-sheet diagram 19.6 Cement Industry in Nepal

20.1 Introduction 20.2 Raw materials 20.3 Sources of raw materials 20.4 Stages in production of paper 20.5 Flow-sheet diagram for paper production 20.6 Quality of paper

21.1 Natural and artificial radioactivity 21.2 Units of radioactivity 21.3 Nuclear reactions 21.4 Nuclear fission and fusion reactions 21.5 Nuclear power and nuclear weapons 21.6 Industrial uses of radioactivity 21.7 Medical uses of radioactivity 21.8 Radiocarbon dating 21.9 Harmful effects of nuclear radiations

1.1 Plant anatomy: Concept of tissues, types of plant tissues (meristems and permanent tissues), Anatomy of dicot and monocot root, stem and leaf Secondary growth of dicot stem.

2.1 Water relation: Introduction and significance of - diffusion, osmosis, and plasmolysis, ascent of sap, transpiration and guttation. 2.2 Photosynthesis: Introduction and significance of photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments, mechanism of photosynthesis (photochemical phase and Calvin-Benson cycle), C3 and C4 plants, photorespiration, factors affecting photosynthesis. 2.3 Respiration: Introduction and significance of respiration, types of respiration, mechanism of respiration (glycolysis, Kreb cycle, electron transport system), factors affecting respiration. 2.4 Plant hormones: Introduction, physiological effects of auxins, gibberellins and Cytokinins. 2.5 Plant growth and movement: Concept on seed germination, dormancy, photoperiodism, vernalization, senescence; plant movements (tropic and nastic).

3.1 Genetic Materials: Introduction to genetics and genetic materials, composition, structure and function of DNA and RNA, DNA replication, introduction of genetic code. 3.2 Mendelian genetics: General terminology, Mendel’s experiment and laws of inheritance, gene interactions (incomplete dominance, codominance). 3.3 Linkage and crossing over: Concept and types of linkage (complete and incomplete), sex-linked inheritance (colour blindness in man and eye colour of Drosophila), concept and significances of crossing over. 3.4 Mutation and polyploidy: Concept, type (gene and chromosomal mutation), importance of mutation (positive and negative), polyploidy (origin and significance).

Asexual and sexual reproductions in angiosperms, pollination, fertilization, development of male and female gametophytes, development of dicot and monocot embryos, concept of endosperm.

Introduction, tissue culture, plant breeding, disease resistance plants, green manure and biofertilizer, bio-pesticide, genetic engineering and GMOs (genetically modified organisms) and application, bioengineering, food safety and food security.

6.1 Animal Tissues: Introduction; Types of animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous (structure, functions & location of different sub-types).

7.1 Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis. 7.2 Development of frog: Fertilization & its effects, cleavage, morulation, blastulation, gastrulation, organogenesis – formation of notochord, nerve cord & coelom.

8.1 Digestive system: Alimentary canal and digestive glands, physiology of digestion. 8.2 Respiratory System: Respiratory organs, respiratory mechanism - exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration. 8.3 Circulatory System: Double circulation (concept), heart (structure and working mechanism), origin and conduction of heart beat, cardiac cycle, cardiac output, arterial and venous systems (major arteries and veins), blood grouping, blood pressure. 8.4 Excretory System: Concept of modes of excretion (ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism), Excretory organs, mechanism of urine formation. 8.5 Nervous system: Types of nervous system (central, peripheral & autonomous), structure and function of brain, Origin and conduction of nerve impulse. 8.6 Sense organs: Structure and functions of eye and ear. 8.7 Endocrinology: Endocrine glands and hormones – structure & functions of hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; hypo- and hyper-activity and related disorders. 8.8 Reproductive System: Male and female reproductive organs, ovarian & menstrual cycle.

9.1 Human Population: Growth problem and control strategies, Concept of demographic cycle. 9.2 Health disorders: Concept of cardiovascular, respiratory & renal disorders; Substance abuse: Drug, alcohol and smoking abuse.

10.1 Application of Zoology: Tissue and organs transplantation, in-vitro fertilization (IVF), amniocentesis, concept of genetically modified organisms (transgenic animals). Poultry farming and fish farming. 10.2 Microbial diseases and application of microbiology: Risk and hazard group of microorganisms. Introduction, causative agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures of selected human diseases: Typhoid, Tuberculosis and HIV infection, cholera, influenza, hepatitis, candidiasis. Basic concepts of immunology–vaccines. Application of microorganisms in dairy and beverage industries, microbial contamination of water, sewage and drinking water treatment, bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers.